Religious smartphone apps are more likely to contain malware than are online gambling apps, according to a new study.

On Wednesday, cybersecurity outfit Proofpoint released the findings of a study it conducted to determine whether gambling apps truly deserved their reputation as fertile ground for malware and for engaging in unwarranted activity without the user’s permission.

Proofpoint’s study checked out 23k iOS and Android ‘card game’ apps – defined as poker, blackjack, solitaire, bingo and other card games – that collectively accounted for 5.6b downloads.

Of these gambling apps, 52 contained known malicious code while 379 were classified as ‘high’ risk – they uploaded user info without their permission, contained SSL vulnerabilities that enable communications to be intercepted, installed a boot-time startup item, etc. – and another 3,200 were deemed ‘moderate’ risk.